Clonidine hydrochloride is an antihypertensive agent used for migraine prophylaxis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, menopausal flushing and Tourette syndrome. The quantity of the active substance in PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS must be within specific limits, in agreement with the respective label claim. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the conditions for two spectrophotometric methods for clonidine determination, based on the formation of the ion pair complex between clonidine hydrochloride and thymol blue/bromophenol blue. A Jasco UV-Vis 530 spectrophotometer was used for the analysis and the maxim absorbance was measured at 418 nm/448 nm against blank solution. After validation, the methods were used for quantification of clonidine hydrochloride in two commercial samples (tablets). The recovery of active substance varies between 98. 06 and 100. 13% without interferences from the excipients.

This research presents a rapid and accurate spectrophotometric method for furosemide determination. This method depended on charge transfer reaction of furosemide with pyrogallol reagent using sodium carbonate. It was observed that a product with a bluish-green color was formed after completing the addition and gave the highest absorption intensity at the wavelength of 610 nm. Following Beer's law, the straight standard curve was obtained in the concentration range of (1-20 µg/mL. The statistical results showed that the method has good accuracy and agreement. The molar absorptivity value was 2.3813×104 l/mol.cm and sensitivity of Sandell's was 0.0138 µg/cm2. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) values ​​ranged from 0.18 to 0.71%, relying on the concentration level. For the furosemide estimation, the suggested method has been successfully applied in its PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS and pure form.

Background and the Purpose of the Study: The aim of this study was development and validation of a simple, rapid and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for determination of total flavonoids in two topical formulations of Calendula officinalis, Ziziphus Spina-christi and an oral drop of Hypiran perforatum L. The proposed method is based on the formation of terbium (Tb3+)-flavonoids (quercetin as a reference standard) complex at pH 7.0, which has fluorescence intensely with maximum emission at 545 nm when excited at 310 nm. Method: For ointments masses of topical formulations were weighed and added to ethanol-aqueous buffer (pH 10.0) and the resulting mixtures were shaken and then two phases were separated by centrifugation. Aqueous phases were filtered and then diluted with water. For Hypiran drops an appropriate portion was diluted with ethanol and then aliquots of sample or standard solutions were determined according to the experimental procedure.Results: Under the optimum conditions, total concentrations of flavonoids (as quercetin equivalent) in three tested formulations were found to be 0.204 mg/g (for Dermatin cream), 0.476 mg/g (for Calendula ointment) and 13.50mg/ml (for Hypiran drops). Analytical recoveries from samples spiked with different amounts of quercetin were 96.1-104.0 % with RSD % of less than 3.5.Conclusion: The proposed method which requires a simple dissolution step without any matrix interferences provided high sensitivity and selectivity and was easily applied to determine total flavonoids in real samples of three investigated formulations with excellent reproducibility.

Taking medications during breastfeeding is common and physicians are usually asked about the safety of prescribed medicines, herbal medications, or tobacco and alcohol consumption during lactation. Safety of medications during breastfeeding is related to maternal factors, neonatal factors and the type of medication, In the case of necessity of taking medication for the mother, there are ways to minimize neonate’s exposure to the medication. In this article, drugs have been classified according to the different diseases and their safety or side effects in lactation have been discussed.

In this study, a simple and reliable square wave voltammetric (SWV) method was developed and validated for determination of diclofenac in PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS and human serum. The proposed method was based on electrooxidation of diclofenac at platinum electrode in 0. 1 M TBAClO4/acetonitrile solution. The well-defined two oxidation peaks were observed at 0. 87 and 1. 27 V, respectively. Calibration curves that were obtained by using current values measured for second peak were linear over the concentration range of 1. 5-17. 5 μ g mL-1 and 2-20 μ g mL-1 in supporting electrolyte and serum, respectively. Precision and accuracy were also checked in all media. Intra-and inter-day precision values for diclofenac were less than 3. 64, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 2. 49%. Developed method in this study is accurate, precise and can be easily applied to Diclomec, Dicloflam and Voltaren tablets as PHARMACEUTICAL preparation. Also, the proposed technique was successfully applied to spiked human serum samples. No electroactive interferences from the endogenous substances were found in human serum.

A simple, accurate, sensitive and economical procedure for the estimation of amlodipine besylate and nifedipine, both in pure and dosage forms, has been developed. The method is based on the reduction of iron(III) by the studied drugs and subsequent interaction of iron(II) with ferricyanide to form Prussian blue. The reaction develops through a slow kinetics and completes in about 10 min. Both initial slope and fixed time methods were used to derive calibration graphs. The resulted calibration equations were linear in the concentration ranges of 1.0-20.0 and 3.0-19.0 mg ml-1 for AML and NIF, and the detection limits were 0.10 and 0.19 mg ml-1, respectively. Seven replicate analyses of solutions containing three different levels of each drug resulted in very low relative error of prediction (less than 1.6%) and relative standard deviation (less than 4%) confirming accuracy and precision of the proposed method. The proposed method was applied to the determination of these drugs in PHARMACEUTICAL formulations and excellent recoveries were obtained.

The bienial milk-thistle belongs to the compositae family, with two meters height. The plant self-grows in road-sides and abandoned grounds in northern areas of Iran. The plant seeds are used for preventing and treatment of hepatic disorders. Its active components are comprised silibinin, silicristin and silidianin isomers, formerly called silymarin. Silymarin have antitoxic effect.The plant seeds were collected in summer 2000 from Isfahan countryside Barij Essence Co. Research farm. The silymarin of seed and several other PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS were extracted using suitable solvent and were studied with HPLC and TLC methods, and compared with standard material.Quantitative determination of silymarin was performed by spectrophotometry and HPLC using internal standard method. The effect of various solvents on the efficiency of extracting silymarin was also studied. Spectrophotometry results were found which only total amount of isomers could be determined by spectrophotometry while all components of silymarin mixture would be determined by HPLC. Silymarin (Roth Co.) used as the standard substance and alpha naphtol as internal standard one.The amount of silymarin in two domestic seed samples was 1.5% while it was 2.3% in an imported one. In a group of German made Ardeyhepan and Silymarin 140 von ct Sample tablets, 128 mg and 161 mg silymarin was observed respectively which was 28% and 15% more than proposed quantity.